Saturday 23 June 2012

Modal Verbs




Modal verbs lend texture and meaning to language. The main function of modal verbs is to allow the speaker or writer to express their opinion of, or their attitude to, a proposition. These attitudes can cover a wide range of possibilities including obligation, asking for and giving permission, disapproval, advising, logical deduction, ability, possibility, necessity, absence of necessity and so on. The problem with each modal verb is that it can have more that one meaning and the interpretation of a particular modal will depend heavily on the context in which it is being used. 





All the auxiliary verbs except be, do and have are called modals. Unlike other auxiliary verbs modals only exist in their helping form; they cannot act alone as the main verb in a sentence.
Be, do, and have also differ from the other auxiliaries in that they can also serve as ordinary verbs in a given sentence.
The modal verbs are:-
Modal
Example
Uses
Can
They can control their own budgets.
We can’t fix it.
Can I smoke here?
Can you help me?
Ability / Possibility
Inability / Impossibility
Asking for permission
Request
Could
Could I borrow your dictionary?
Could you say it again more slowly?
We could try to fix it ourselves.
I think we could have another Gulf War.
He gave up his old job so he could work for us.
Asking for permission.
Request
Suggestion
Future possibility
Ability in the past
May
May I have another cup of coffee?
China may become a major economic power.
Asking for permission
Future possibility
Might
We'd better phone tomorrow, they might be eating their dinner now.
They might give us a 10% discount.
Present possibility
Future possibility
Must
We must say good-bye now.
They mustn’t disrupt the work more than necessary.
Necessity / Obligation
Prohibition
Ought to
We ought to employ a professional writer.
Saying what’s right or correct
Shall
(More common in the UK than the US)
Shall I help you with your luggage?
Shall we say 2.30 then?
Shall I do that or will you?
Offer
Suggestion
Asking what to do
Should
We should sort out this problem at once.
I think we should check everything again.
Profits should increase next year.
Saying what’s right or correct
Recommending action
Uncertain prediction
Will
I can’t see any taxis so I’ll walk.
I'll do that for you if you like.
I’ll get back to you first thing on Monday.
Profits will increase next year.
Instant decisions
Offer
Promise
Certain prediction
Would
Would you mind if I brought a colleague with me?
Would you pass the salt please?
Would you mind waiting a moment?
"Would three o`clock suit you?" - "That’d be fine."
Would you like to play golf this Friday?
"Would you prefer tea or coffee?" - "I’d like tea please."
Asking for permission
Request
Request
Making arrangements
Invitation
Preferences

!Note The modal auxiliary verbs are always followed by the base form.
The verb used to, which is explained here, can also be used like a modal verb.

Perfect Modal Verbs 

modal verb + have + past participle
Perfect Modal
sentence
could have _____
couldn't have _____
past ability
The boy could have done the dishes himself, but his father decided to help.
should have ____
shouldn't have ____
You did or didn't do something that was a good idea.
The girl shouldn't have spun around so many times. She fell down.
spin: turn around many times.
spin / spun / spun
would have ____
wouldn't have ____
past condition /
past situation
This house of cards would have fallen over if the person who built it hadn't been so careful.
may have _____
may not have _____
past possibility
My grandfather may have used this camera when he was a young man, but I'm not sure.
might have ______
might not have _____
past possibility
Her mother might have put mustard on her sandwich. She hopes not.
must have ____
must not have ___
past probability.
This indicates that something probably happened in the past.
They must have practiced a lot because they're very good musicians.



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